تصوير محرم 1443

-

تعليقات

إرسال تعليق

المشاركات الشائعة من هذه المدونة

Bacterial Genetics & DNA Transfer Microbiology and Immunology Levinson ليفنسون وراثة بكتريا

-
صورة
Bacterial Genetics & DNA Transfer ​I. Introduction to Bacterial Genetics ​Definition: Bacterial genetics studies how genetic material changes and transfers between cells, affecting traits like growth and antibiotic resistance.   ​Genetic Material: In bacteria (e.g., E. coli), it consists of a single circular DNA molecule.   ​Haploid Nature: Bacteria are haploid (one chromosome/one gene copy), meaning any mutation is immediately expressed. In contrast, human cells are diploid.   ​Genome Size: Mycoplasma has the smallest genome among free-living bacteria.   ​II. Mutations ​A mutation is a change in the DNA base sequence that may produce a new phenotype.   ​Types of Mutations: ​Base Substitution: One base is replaced by another.   ​Missense: Changes one amino acid.   ​Nonsense: Creates a stop codon, producing a nonfunctional protein.   ​Frameshift Mutation: Insertion or deletion of base pairs, shifting the ...
قراءة المزيد