رمضان كريم
Bacterial Genetics & DNA Transfer Microbiology and Immunology Levinson ليفنسون وراثة بكتريا
Bacterial Genetics & DNA Transfer I. Introduction to Bacterial Genetics Definition: Bacterial genetics studies how genetic material changes and transfers between cells, affecting traits like growth and antibiotic resistance. Genetic Material: In bacteria (e.g., E. coli), it consists of a single circular DNA molecule. Haploid Nature: Bacteria are haploid (one chromosome/one gene copy), meaning any mutation is immediately expressed. In contrast, human cells are diploid. Genome Size: Mycoplasma has the smallest genome among free-living bacteria. II. Mutations A mutation is a change in the DNA base sequence that may produce a new phenotype. Types of Mutations: Base Substitution: One base is replaced by another. Missense: Changes one amino acid. Nonsense: Creates a stop codon, producing a nonfunctional protein. Frameshift Mutation: Insertion or deletion of base pairs, shifting the ...
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